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FAQS

Air testing for mold and fungal contaminants

Mold is a common name for microscopic fungi that grow on food and building materials. They multiply by releasing spores into the air. The spores are about five (5) micrometers in diameter. The fungi kingdom comprises diverse organisms and comes in two primary forms: macroscopic (visible to the naked eye) and microscopic (invisible to the naked eye). Molds become visible to the naked eye when they tangle together to form colonies. We can conclude that when they are visible to the naked eye, it is then that their number is essential. The appearance of a colony is very diverse; it can be fluffy, granular, or velvety; white, black, green, or blue, etc.

All fungal particles are likely to cause various harmful effects on health, depending on their nature and quantity, the degree of exposure, and the sensitivity of those exposed. When they are present in the air, they can be inhaled and deposited in the pulmonary alveoli, which can cause respiratory problems. Fungi can cause illness in several ways: through the mycotoxins and allergens, they produce and through biologically active constituents in their cell walls that can cause severe discomfort to occupants. These effects are mainly respiratory (irritation and allergies) and immunological. A report by Health Canada's Working Group on Fungi in Household Air and two recent Canadian studies have demonstrated that high humidity and the presence of fungi (molds) and their toxins can cause the following health problems in humans:

Respiratory tract symptoms: coughing, spitting, nose and throat irritation, runny nose, sneezing, noisy breathing, difficulty breathing, and chest pain.

Respiratory allergies: rhinitis, alveolitis, bronchitis, asthma, and hypersensitivity pneumonia.

Non-respiratory symptoms: eye irritation, tissue damage and infection, and skin allergies (skin irritation, dermatitis).

General toxic effects: fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, immune system deficiencies, fatigue, and hair loss.

The term mold refers to fungi, yeast, mildew, and all types of molds. Mold and fungi are natural elements of the environment and play an essential role in decomposing leaves, trees, and plant debris. These micro-organisms can enter a building directly or as airborne spores. In a home or building, mold and mildew will typically be found on walls, drywall such as gypsum board or plaster and Sheetrock®, furniture, fabrics, wallpaper, draperies, ceiling tiles, and rugs and carpets. However, no fungal contamination or water build-up should be tolerated in indoor environments.

Moisture is one of the most common causes of poor air quality in offices, homes, classrooms, and public indoor spaces because it promotes the growth of mold and dust mites. Mold can grow in damp areas of a building due to water leakage, flooding, seepage, or high humidity due to human activities. Mold can appear on wood, paper, fabrics, drywall, and insulation. It can be found on materials, window surrounds, carpets, kitchen, bathroom, laundry room, basement. It can hide inside walls and above ceiling tiles. If mold grows in a damp area, it can deteriorate air quality and cause health problems. If you are experiencing one or more of these symptoms, a mold test is in order, as it is likely that you are a victim of sick building syndrome.

Exposure to moisture and mold in homes is a significant risk factor for respiratory illness. In particular, it is estimated that 40% of Canadian homes may show signs of dampness and mold. Mold is a microscopic fungus that thrives in high humidity, standing water, and inadequate ventilation. When they grow significantly, molds disperse respirable particles that can cause health problems, especially for children, such as eye, nose, and throat irritation, runny and stuffy noses, and increased frequency and severity of asthma attacks.

It is difficult to directly associate symptoms experienced by building occupants with a fungal profile revealed by laboratory analysis. In this regard, it is wiser to have a physician's opinion, having in hand the results of your mold test.

In addition, the results of your mold test cannot be used alone to declare poor indoor air quality. They must be combined with in situ observations, and their interpretation depends on the accuracy of the air quality analysis and testing performed. Nevertheless, no fungal contamination or water accumulation that promotes it should be tolerated in indoor environments.

The main element determining fungal proliferation in indoor environments is water and its corollary, humidity (infiltration, condensation, humid climate of an indoor plantation, and more). Without them, there is no possible growth of molds. Therefore, the activity that results from water (and humidity) is the essential element to monitor to avoid contamination.

A mold test can then reveal the presence of mold invisible to the naked eye. Colonies are ubiquitous in all environments and actively participate in recycling organic matter by degrading plant material.

An initial check to see if the house is a problem can be made when an occupant appears to be experiencing discomfort. The occupant should leave the house for a few days if his symptoms improve while away and return when the individual returns home. It is possible to conclude that the air quality is not adequate.

Sampling and analysis of biological contaminants (mold)

The analysis of the results of the mold test performed in the laboratory are accredited by the Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques (MDDELCC) of Quebec. All mold samples collected are analyzed in the laboratory and approved by microbiologists specializing in microbiology. The laboratory technicians are certified by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). All laboratory operations are carried out according to the international standard ISO/CEI 17025. All sampling methods comply with the standards and regulations of the Institut de recherche en santé et sécurité au travail du Québec (IRSST) and Health Canada's occupational health and safety regulations. AIRTESTS MATTESTS sampling technicians are continuously trained according to the protocols prescribed by the laboratory.

Depending on the nature of the specific needs of each situation and the time available to obtain the mold test results provided by the laboratory, here are the different sampling methods used by AIRTESTS MATTESTS in the search for indoor environmental contaminants

Method 1 - Spores Trap Air Mold Sampling

Microbiological surveys of total mold spores in the air are carried out using a spore trap. The parameters obtained by these samples are the enumeration of total mold spores in the air and the identification of mold genera.

To establish this type of microbiological air survey, total mold spores (viable and non-viable) must be sampled to count the total fungal particles in the air accurately. To do this, air samples are collected using an Air-O-Cell pump and cassette. This spore trap sampler pumps 75 liters of ambient air through the cassette for 5 minutes (or 150 liters for 10 minutes). The sampling matrix is equipped with a microscope slide coated with an adhesive film on which the particles present in the sampled air are impacted. The sampling techniques for this mold test apply to viable and non-viable mold spores (total spore count).

Intra-wall, intra-ceiling, or intra-floor sampling can be performed to inspect the air behind walls, ceilings, and floors. It will be possible to perform this analysis with a probe that passes through an opening. The sampling time will be reduced to 2 minutes for a total of 30 liters of air. The sampling time is thus reduced since the environment behind the walls is generally dustier. Dust can limit and compromise the reading of results.

Method 2 - Sampling of molds in the air by Bio Impaction

The parameters obtained by these samples are enumeration, identification to genera or species. Only viable molds in the air are identified with this method, that is to say, that it does not detect dead molds that can, however, remain allergenic.

Microbiological air samples are collected using an Andersen-type impinger. Air enters the unit from the top through the impaction process, and the micro-organisms are separated and stored in an appropriate culture medium by centrifugal force. The culture medium used for molds and yeasts is MEA or PEA agar. The samples are held at 4°C until they are returned to the laboratory, where they are incubated for several days.

The results of the laboratory analyses are given in CFU/m3 (Colony Forming Unit/Cubic Metre of air). The interpretation of the data is made by comparing the volumetric results between indoor and outdoor air. In addition, both types of air should have a similar distribution of mold types but a lower concentration of molds in indoor air. These techniques apply to viable molds only.

Bio-impaction research is most useful for in-depth investigations. This technique requires a laboratory waiting period of up to two weeks for incubation, subculturing, and re-incubation of live material (agar cultures). In-depth environmental research is done on a case-by-case basis through elaborate, custom-built submissions.

Method 3 - Surface Mold Swipe

For microbiological analysis, a sample of surface contaminants is collected using a specially designed swab to collect and transport micro-organisms. This sampling method for testing for mold is defined as "Contact Swab."

For example, an area of 100 cm2 (10 cm x 10 cm) is sampled with a swab to obtain the CFU/100 cm2.

The sampling applies to viable molds only; however, it should be noted that these results do not reflect the quality of the indoor air. These samples are generally taken inside ducts or on ventilation grills and any other surface of suspicious appearance. The parameters obtained are mold counts, identification of mold genus, and identification of surface mold species.

Method 4 - Sampling of mold on surfaces by tape lift

Samples are taken with a tape lift applied to the mold. This method is generally used to establish a partial identification of molds. However, the results do not reflect the quality of the indoor air.

Mold due to water infiltration

In an indoor environment, the main contributor to mold growth is water. Whether it's a leaky roof, a crack in the foundation, a burst plumbing pipe, a sewer backup, and more. All of these situations should be taken seriously. Without water, there is no fungal growth possible. It is, therefore, the essential element to monitor to avoid fungal contamination.

In modern buildings, mold can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Flooding from heavy rain and sewer backup.

• Leaks from the roof, basement, or plumbing.

• Waterproofing of the building preventing the evacuation of accumulated moisture.

• Water infiltration caused by design and/or construction defects.

• Moisture sources such as showers, cooking appliances, and others.

• French drains that have become dysfunctional due to iron ochre

• Excessive moisture of any kind in the indoor environment.

There are three categories of water conditions for which the extent of the problem depends.

Clearwater: This is so-called clean water from a broken supply pipe, an overflowing bath, or sink.

Greywater: This water may contain bacteria. It can come from a washer discharge, a toilet with urine in it, or a dishwasher.

Blackwater: This is water contaminated by micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, and molds). It is unhealthy and can cause serious health problems. It comes from sewer backups, among other things.

Regardless of the source of water infiltration, it must be dealt with quickly. It is essential to clean up and dry out the seepage materials as soon as possible. Sometimes the removal of damaged materials is required. This is even more important in the case of a sewer backup since the water may contain fecal matter and therefore bacteria. A mold test is essential in this situation. Contaminated wood and gypsum should be discarded. Other surfaces should be disinfected. The problem must also be repaired to prevent further water infiltration into the home.

An air quality analysis will provide a better understanding of the impact of the presence of water to assess the true extent of the problem in the indoor environment.

What are bacteria?

Bacteria are microscopic living cells with a relatively simple structure: they are single-celled. Bacterial infections are contracted through the respiratory and digestive tracts or inoculation by a bite, scratch, or lesion.

Ambient air bacteria come from two sources: aerosols generated by water such as humidifiers, air conditioners, cooling towers, dirty water, and more, and aerosols generated by humans or animals.

Saprophytic and pathogenic bacteria are dispersed into the air by humans when they sneeze, cough and talk. These bacteria can survive for varying periods. Their lifespan varies depending on the size of the dispersed droplets, the temperature of the air, its relative humidity, and the presence of a substrate that allows them to travel.

It is generally accepted that person-to-person disease transmission can occur through exposure to an aerosol. Still, few people know that waterborne bacteria, which are present in outdoor environments, can multiply. These same bacteria can be hidden inside buildings and cause disease. Some types of bacteria are found in humidifiers in ventilation systems. They would then cause the syndrome called “humidifier fever.” This syndrome is a response to airborne allergens that include endotoxins from several gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins can cause fever, leukocytosis, or leukopenia (decreased white blood cell count) in humans. In addition, exposure of the epidermis to certain bacteria can cause dermatitis (skin disease), etc.

Depending on the nature of the specific needs of each situation and the time available to obtain the results provided by the laboratory, here are the different sampling methods used by Airtests Mattests in the search for indoor environmental contaminants

Method 1) Sampling of bacteria in the air by Bio Impaction Andersen.

The parameters obtained by these samples are enumeration, Gram staining with the option of advanced search for identification to species. The microbiological readings of the air are performed following sampling with an Andersen impinger.

Using the impaction process, air enters the unit from the top, and the micro-organisms are separated and stored in an appropriate culture medium by the impaction force. For bacteria, we can use culture media (Petri), according to MacConkey and TSA. The samples are then stored at 4 °C. The results of the laboratory analyses are given in CFU/m3 (Colony Forming Unit/Cubic meter of air).

The interpretation of the data is made by comparing the volumetric results between indoor and outdoor air. The concentration of bacteria should be lower indoors than outdoors for enumeration and similar profiles when the indoor environment is healthy. Sampling techniques apply to viable bacteria only (relative to incubator growth).

Airtests Mattests has adopted a research protocol that by default consists of a combination of enumeration and classification by Gram stain. The count will indicate whether the area evaluated is contaminated or not; the Gram stain will tell whether the bacteria family belongs to the Gram + or Gram - family.

Examples of bacteria from the Gram (+) family: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, etc.

Examples of bacteria of the Gram (-) family: Escherichia Coli, Enterobacter, Salmonella, etc.

Suppose it is relevant in the investigation process. In that case, we will investigate further to identify the species of two (2) to three (3) dominant colonies grown on the previously incubated agar.

Method 2) Collection of surface bacteria on swab type matrix.

The parameters that can be obtained from these samples are enumeration, Gram staining, and species identification. For microbiological analysis, a sample of the surface contaminants is taken using a swab specially designed to collect and transport micro-organisms. This sampling method is defined as "Contact Swab." An area of 100 cm2 (10 cm x 10 cm) or 25 cm2 (5 cm x 5 cm) will be retained according to the situation to obtain the results in CFU/cm2. Sampling applies to viable bacteria only.

These samples are usually taken from the inside of ducts or ventilation grills and any other suspicious-looking surfaces. Enumeration is the primary step; it will indicate whether or not the area being evaluated is contaminated. Gram staining is the next research step; it will tell the family of bacteria belonging to either Gram-positive or Gram-negative. The third and final research step is to select one (1), two (2), or three (3) dominant colonies observed during the Gram stain selection for identification. One of the advantages of species identification is that the knowledge provided will allow for better selection of the appropriate biocide for eradication.

Sewer Backup

Regardless of the source of water infiltration, it must be dealt with quickly. It is essential to clean up and dry out the materials following a seepage. Sometimes the removal of damaged materials is required. This is even more important in the case of a sewer backup since the water may contain fecal matter and therefore bacteria. Contaminated wood and gypsum should be discarded. Other surfaces should be disinfected. The problem should also be repaired to prevent further water infiltration into the home. Air quality and surface testing will provide insight into the environmental impact of the problem.

There are three (3) categories (condition classification) of water that the extent of the problem depends on:

Clearwater: this is called clean water and can come from a broken supply pipe, an overflowing bath, or a sink.
Greywater: this water may contain bacteria. It can come from a washer discharge, a toilet with urine in it, or a dishwasher.
Blackwater: this is water contaminated with micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, and molds). It is unhealthy and can cause serious health problems. It comes from sewer backups, among other things.

Air conditioners

Air conditioning units can harbor viruses, bacteria, or mold. When this happens, respiratory infections can occur in the occupants. Legionellosis is a serious, rare, and potentially fatal lung disease. The bacterium Legionella pneumophila is responsible for this infection. It proliferates quickly in the presence of slightly heated and stagnant water. Some air conditioners use a water-cooled circuit system. The bacteria multiply and become airborne. People can become infected by breathing in droplets of contaminated water.

This disease is called "Legionnaires' disease." Its name comes from the circumstances of its discovery. In 1976, 200 delegates attending an American Legion convention in Philadelphia became ill. Health officials concluded that the respiratory infection came from the hotel's air conditioning system, contaminated with the bacteria.

The bacteria can grow when all the right conditions are present. They can colonize poorly maintained or faulty wet environments in standing water systems that exceed 50 degrees Celsius. The most vulnerable facilities are water distribution systems, hot water tanks, cooling towers, humidifiers, air conditioning systems, whirlpools, spas, showerheads, swimming pools, fountains, etc. The bacteria are found in the water droplets generated by the devices. They can then get into the air and enter the ventilation system. The bacteria can then be found throughout the building.

Proper maintenance of the circuits and installations is essential to prevent the proliferation of the bacteria. Regular cleaning and disinfection of air conditioning and humidification systems are crucial.

Dental clinics

The air in dental offices is contaminated every day by disseminating millions of micro-organisms, mainly due to the use of rotating instruments and ultrasonic scalers. The amount of bioaerosols generated varies depending on the type of dental treatment performed. A recent study found that in one dental clinic, staff and patients are exposed to dental bioaerosols at concentrations of up to 186,000 bacteria/m3. The infectious risks associated with dental bioaerosols are well known and can be significantly reduced by implementing aseptic protocols.

Dental bioaerosols and splashes form a veritable cloud projected towards the practitioner and the patient's airways and onto all dental equipment and surfaces adjacent to the workstation. Dental bioaerosols are particles with a diameter less than or equal to 50 µm, whereas splashes are particles with a diameter greater than 50 µm. Because of their small size, bioaerosols can remain suspended in the air for up to several hours. If they are not intercepted quickly, those inhaled penetrate the respiratory tract more or less intensely, depending on their size.

Larger diameter particles are deposited in the nasal cavity. In contrast, smaller diameter particles (≤ 5 µm) are found in the pulmonary alveoli and lead to infections or more severe effects (asthma, rhinitis, etc.).

Therefore, splashes would cause many eyes or skin infections, while dental bioaerosols would cause ear, nose, throat, and respiratory tract infections. Moreover, various epidemiological studies suggest that dental bioaerosols are responsible for the highest incidence of respiratory infections and seropositivity to Legionella pneumophila.

Various means can be used to protect against airborne contamination. Among others, we find the wearing of glasses and masks. Indeed, the molded polypropylene microfiber mask offers a filtration efficiency superior to 99%, and the wraparound goggles ensure almost total protection of the eyes. In addition, a purge of the dental unit's water pipes eliminates suspended bacteria, and fragments of biofilm, significantly reducing the number of bioaerosols generated by a dental treatment. The use of the high-flow oral suction unit substantially reduces the formation and dispersion of bioaerosols in the dental office environment during treatment. However, there is no scientific evidence to support that a mouthwash with an antiseptic solution reduces the risk of infection in a dental office. It is important to note that a two-hour period without dental treatment allows for a return to acceptable baseline bioaerosol levels.

Sports halls

Gymnasiums, sports clubs, and locker rooms for all gyms, pools, and spas.

Playing a sport in a gym or enjoying a relaxing moment in a spa is good. It's even better when you don't come home with a trail of bacteria. Indeed, the promiscuity and the perspiration oblige; the sports clubs are actual nests of microbes, especially the machines we exercise on like treadmill, stationary bike, and weights.

Gyms and locker rooms are hot and humid environments. They provide ideal conditions for the development and spread of bacteria and pollutants. Good air filtration is essential to remove body odor from sweat and for viruses and bacteria from clients who may be sick and contagious. Cases of flu or gastroenteritis come to mind.

In addition, this environment, where athletes are confined, is conducive to the spread of VOCs contained in machines, floor mats, and some coatings or household products. Indeed, no one would think of going to train and breathing heavily in a crowded subway compartment. Yet, the air quality can be just as poor.

Machines are perfect environments for bacteria to grow. They collect sweat and any bacteria expelled by the breath. Bactericidal products are often available to customers to clean the machines after use, but this simple act is usually done superficially and is ineffective. Furthermore, this does not prevent the diffusion of VOCs and particles, which volatilize through friction, that may be contained in certain plastic materials such as treadmills and which, therefore, diffuse during their use.

In a gym, groups of 20 to 30 people may be moving, exercising, and breathing deeply in the same room. The groups come and go all day, and the concentration of airborne bacteria is very high. Without proper and continuous air filtration, all these people inevitably leave with the bacteria of their neighbors.

Locker rooms are not spared. The emissions of sprays and aerosols (perfumes and deodorants) and the humidity of the showers, which spreads bacteria, some of which are responsible for body odor, promote mold formation. This is how this place that we frequent to get in shape can make us sick.

Rethink ventilation.

According to a study conducted by researchers at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston)*, when we sneeze or cough, we expel a gas of warm, moist air in which are suspended droplets of various sizes that contain the pathogens responsible for the disease. Thanks to this cloud, viruses, and bacteria can be expelled up to 6 meters away. The warm, moist air cloud is lighter and rises more quickly, especially towards ceiling ventilation systems. As a result, the germs carried by the air currents contaminate all the rooms and settle indefinitely in the ventilation systems. According to Lydia Bourouiba, lead author of the study and a professor of civil and environmental engineering at MIT, "This finding could call into question ventilation systems in hospitals, airplanes, but also in offices, which do not take this into account."

What is Asbestos?

Asbestos is the name given to several natural, fibrous, flexible minerals with a high tensile strength that are highly resistant to heat (non-combustible, infusible) and many chemicals. Because of these characteristics, Asbestos has been used in over 2500 different building products over the last century. Very popular between the 1950s and 1980s, this fibrous rock is found in many homes and commercial buildings built or renovated during this period, regardless of the environment, industrial, institutional, commercial, or residential. It is also important to consider that Asbestos is an anti-friction material and a thermal insulator found in refrigerators, industrial ovens, water heaters, and steam and hot water pipes.

Asbestos fibers, when breathed in, represent a health risk. Therefore, there is no need to be concerned when embedded or sealed in a product such as walls or floor covering.

It can be found in numerous materials such as:

Electrical wiring
Water heaters and pipes
Ventilation ducts
Water and sewer lines
Thermal insulation panels
Heat insulation, hot water pipes
Furnaces, incinerators, and chimneys
Asbestos cement wall panels
Insulation for refrigeration appliances
Insulation, steam ducts
Flocking, insulation spraying
Boilers and tanks
Plaster on wood lath
Gypsum drywall
Joint and stucco compounds
Decorative ceiling moldings
Plaster on wire mesh
Textured plaster coatings on walls
Textured plaster and paint
Roofing shingles and tar
Door and window caulking
Linoleum and vinyl floor tile
Suspended ceiling tiles
Flexible ventilation joints

Airtests Mattests offers asbestos testing, certified expert services in investigating and analyzing asbestos fibers in Asbestos Susceptible Materials (ASM), asbestos-susceptible materials (ASM), and airborne fiber counting services; area compliance, daily testing, and final testing. You can consult the Institut national de santé Publique du Québec website to determine why it is wise to perform asbestos characterization tests.

Airtests Mattests meets the standards of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the IRSST (Institut Robert-Sauvé en santé et sécurité au Travail) and the CNESST (Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail). The IRSST and the CNESST are basing their asbestos surveys and tests in buildings on the principles of the sampling protocol drafted by the EPA. The broad outlines of this procedure define a minimum number of samples to be taken according to the surface area of the same homogeneous material encountered. In addition, the EPA advises against using the same contractor to perform both remedial work and air quality testing, as this in itself represents a potential conflict of interest.

Recognized methods for asbestos testing

IRSST Method 244-3 (MLP) - Mineralogical characterization by polarizing microscopy and color dispersion

Depending on the case and to extract the fibers, the samples underwent a light mechanical grinding. The particles and fibers produced were transferred to slides, covered with a coverslip, and bathed in liquids of appropriate refractive index to observe the color dispersion. Orthoscopic and conoscopic optical properties of the samples are also used if they complete the characterization.

IRSST Method 243-1 (MOCP) - Phase-contrast optical microscopy

Provides a good index of exposure in workplaces when the predominant type of fiber in the air is Asbestos. Sampling is done using a conductive cassette with an extension equipped with a mixed cellulose ester (MCE) membrane. The sampling rate is variable to measure a weighted average exposure value in industrial environments and the concentration of fibers in low-dust environments such as public buildings.

ELAP 198.4 (TEM) method - Mineralogical characterization by transmission electron microscopy

Transmission electron microscopy method for identifying and quantifying Asbestos in non-friable bulk samples bound by organic materials. Electron microscopy analyses are performed with the FEI Tecnai Twin TEM and EDAX Genesis System using X-ray energy dispersive analysis (EDXA) and selected electron diffraction patterns (SAED) for asbestos fiber species recognition.

Airtests Mattests offers certified expertise in asbestos fiber testing and performs airborne asbestos fiber counts.

Buildings: Industrial, commercial, residential
Equipment: Industrial, Heavy machinery
Industries: Marine, Rail, Air

Airtests Mattests offers certified expertise in asbestos fiber testing in Asbestos Susceptible Materials (ASM), in materials likely to contain Asbestos (MSCA), and services for airborne fiber counting and zone compliance daily testing, and final testing. You can consult the Institut national de santé Publique du Québec website to determine why it is wise to perform asbestos characterization tests.

Sampling, counting, and analysis of materials.

Airborne on construction sites (with final compliance tests)

The mixture of friable materials is applied by projection to cover a surface (flocking). Insulation and thermal barriers. Insulation is an insulating material that covers a facility or equipment to prevent heat loss.

Recognized methods

IRSST 244-3 (MLP) - Determine the composition of minerals by polarizing and color dispersion microscopy IRSST 243-1 (MOCP) - Phase-contrast optical microscopy, which provides a good index of workplace exposure when asbestos is predominant ELAP 198.4 (TEM) - Determine the composition of minerals by transmission electron microscopy to identify and quantify Asbestos

Airtests Mattests meets and complies with the standards:

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), IRSST (Institut Robert-Sauvé en Santé et Sécurité au Travail), CNESST (Commission de la Santé et de la Sécurité du Travail)
Characterization service for materials that may contain Asbestos in commercial, industrial, and institutional buildings
Characterization of materials that may contain Asbestos in industrial equipment and heavy machinery
Characterization of materials that may contain Asbestos in the marine, rail, and air industries
Sampling and counting of airborne asbestos fibers on construction sites and final compliance testing
Asbestos sampling and analysis services for Asbestos in flocks and lagging / insulation and thermal barriers
Sampling and analysis of materials containing and likely to have asbestos fibers / ASM and ACSCM

Our services of characterization and sampling of materials likely to contain Asbestos (MSCA) are carried out under the responsibility of: Senior environmental technician in phases 2 & 3. The team leader has a B. Sc. Environment

More than 15 years of experience in asbestos site;
Specialized in material characterization (ASM/MSCA) and air quality;
Accredited by the IRSST as a recognized asbestos fiber counter;
Specialist and trainer in OHS;
Certified by the ASP for construction sites.

Our Asbestos Susceptible Materials (ASM) characterization and sampling services are performed under the responsibility of a senior environmental technician in phases 2 & 3. The team leader has a degree in B. Sc. Environment and has more than 15 years of experience in asbestos work sites; he is specialized in material characterization (ASM/MSCA) and air quality; as such, he is accredited by the IRSST as a recognized asbestos fiber counter. In addition, he is an OHS specialist and trainer and is certified by the ASP for construction sites.

Our characterization services include the sampling and analysis of materials that may contain Asbestos (MSCA), as well as the identification of MCA based on the following criteria

Location
Accessibility
General condition
Friability

Our asbestos management program includes the following recommendations:

The actions to be taken progressively to ensure that your building can operate optimally in the context of its daily operation, regular maintenance, or during renovation work.

What staff will be trained to manage asbestos in-house? Your management plan will help you evaluate the most cost-effective short and long-term solutions between asbestos removal, containment, and encapsulation.

Want to know more about it?

Building Characterization:

For Materials Susceptible to Containing Asbestos (MSCA);
For materials containing Asbestos (MCA);
For flockings and lagging;
For demolition (+Pb, Hg, PBC);
For renovation by zones (partial);

Related services:

Sampling and analysis of asbestos tests required by legislation;
Sampling and analysis of air tests before, during, and after asbestos removal;
Sampling of insulating materials in specific areas;
Sampling of insulating materials, including vermiculite;
Analysis in a certified laboratory of the MSCA/MCA taken in bulk;
Inventory system of hazardous materials on an open spreadsheet;
Preparation of characterization reports with recommendations;
Drafting of asbestos management programs;
Customized training for workers and professionals;
Daily supervision of asbestos removal work;
Daily monitoring of asbestos removal work; Verification of the tightness of asbestos containment partitions
Asbestos safety management report and log.
Characterization of materials that may contain Asbestos

Sound management of asbestos-containing materials (MCA) begins with a complete characterizing of a building and its mechanical components. Our characterization services include sampling and analysis of materials that may contain Asbestos and identification of ACM based on location, accessibility, general condition, and friability. All of this information is then carefully compiled into an electronic report in the form of a computer database.

The range of our services concerning Asbestos

Characterization of buildings for materials likely to contain Asbestos (MSCA);
Characterization of buildings for Materials Containing Asbestos (MCA);
Characterization of the buildings for the flockings and insulation;
Characterization of buildings for demolition (+Pb, Hg, PBC);
Partial characterization of buildings for renovation by zones;
Sampling and analysis of asbestos tests required by the legislation;
Air sampling before, during, and after asbestos removal;
Sampling of insulating materials in specific areas;
Sampling of insulating materials, including vermiculite;
Analysis in a certified laboratory of the MSCA/MCA taken in bulk;
Inventory system of hazardous materials on an open spreadsheet;
Preparation of characterization reports with recommendations;
Drafting of asbestos management programs;
Customized training for workers and professionals;
Daily supervision of asbestos removal work;
Daily monitoring of asbestos removal work; Verification of the water-tightness of asbestos containment partitions;
Asbestos safety management report and log.
Asbestos sources in buildings

What is iron ochre?

Iron ochre is a gelatinous substance characterized by its high organic matter content and orange color due to the abundance of iron oxides. This amorphous body tends to form on the surface of subsurface drains at the soil-air interface of holes for water percolation. As the title of the project indicates, its goal in a broad sense is to mitigate the phenomenon of iron ochre. The adverse effects of this phenomenon justify it; that is, the blockage of underground drains and, consequently, the infiltration of water into the infrastructure through the subsoil. Drainage systems are a preferred environment for the proliferation of iron ochre. It is due to the multiple aerobic-anaerobic interfaces offered by its components, whether they are the geosynthetic membrane, the net aggregate, or the drainage pipe.

Several methods have been tried to mitigate the phenomenon of iron ochre. The Régie des Bâtiments du Québec suggests, via a brochure, important corrective measures to solve the problem, such as installing a cleaning chimney or repairing the concrete slab of the basement. Other possible interventions include the incorporation of tannin or sawdust in the drainage system, using bactericides in the pipes, and applying lime in the affected environment. None of the techniques reviewed have proven viable and effective means of controlling or eliminating iron ochre, either through a deficiency or excessive groundwater pollution. To control iron ochre, there are two approaches to remember. First, research must be promoted so those effective but environmentally unsustainable mitigation methods can preserve groundwater quality. Second, buried drainage systems need to be made more accessible to allow regular maintenance such as flushing the pipes at low or high pressure. This latter approach recognizes that it is not feasible to altogether remove iron ochre due to the highly heterogeneous nature of the drained environments.

This amorphous body tends to form on the surface of subsurface drains at the soil-air interface of holes for water percolation. As the title of the project indicates, its goal in a broad sense is to mitigate the phenomenon of iron ochre. The adverse effects of this phenomenon justify this, i.e., blockage of underground drains and, consequently, infiltration of water into the infrastructure through the subsoil. Mitigating means “to mitigate the effects of something” or, more carefully, “to make something less painful.” Therefore, it is necessary to mention that the project’s goal will not be to eliminate the phenomenon of iron ochre but rather to improve the condition of an environment already affected by this substance. This will be done in a first step by becoming familiar with the phenomenon itself. Secondly, the environmental conditions related to it will be studied to understand the mitigation methods of the harmful effects of the presence of iron ochre.

Ferrous ochre is the result of a combination of several factors. Here are the steps that lead to the formation of the said phenomenon and the mandatory conditions for realizing each of them. It is necessary to mention that the process is described for forming iron ochre in an underground drain.

Solubilization of iron in groundwater

Iron is found in just about every type of soil. However, it is not always found in a form that can be dissolved in groundwater. Indeed, depending on the conditions of pH, temperature, partial pressure, and electrochemical potential of the soil concerned, iron can be found in its soluble form (Fe2+). Here is the potential-pH curve of iron to illustrate this. It should be noted that, firstly, it is mainly at an acid or neutral pH that iron is found in its soluble form. Secondly, the electrochemical conditions of the soil must ensure the stability of the water (the region between the two dotted lines). Outside of these conditions, iron is either inanimate (Fe) or oxidized (the Fe3+ ion is very quickly transformed into Fe2O3); in both cases, it is precipitated. The previous explanation took into account strictly chemical conditions. There are also organometallic complexes containing soluble iron (Fe2+ or Fe3+), almost impossible to dissociate, except at extreme pH conditions. An organometallic is a compound containing an organic group bound to a metal atom. Certain bacteria catalyze the reduction of ferrous oxide to soluble iron, thus increasing the concentration of soluble iron in the environment concerned. The acronym IRB better knows these bacteria (Iron Reducing Bacteria) and, without them, the reduction of ferrous oxides in saturated soil is virtually impossible.

Migration of dissolved iron

With groundwater, iron in a soluble state (Fe2+ ions and organometallic complexes) migrates to the drainage system.

Precipitation of iron

Under favorable conditions, the strictly chemical precipitation of iron occurs slowly. However, some bacteria (mainly Gallionella ferruginea, Sphaerotilus natans, Leptotrix ochracea, and Thiobacillus ferroxidans) can catalyze this process. These organisms derive energy from the oxidation reaction of dissolved iron. Still, certain conditions must be met for them to proliferate as bio-film: the presence of dissolved iron, an adequate amount of oxygen, and availability of nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon). A bio-film is a film formed by a grouping of micro-organisms on the surface of a solid or fluid, which generate a protective and adhesive matrix composed of polymeric substances. The aerobic-anaerobic (unsaturated/saturated) interface that drainage systems represent favors the colonization of these bacteria. These bacteria also have properties that give them excellent adhesion to the wall of the drains. They catalyze iron oxidation, which transforms its dissolved form (Fe2+ or Fe3+) into an insoluble form: iron oxide (Fe2O3). Bacteria called organotrophs (i.e., the source of energy is organic) will, so to speak, feed on the organic part of the organometallic complexes. This has the effect of releasing the soluble iron, which will then be subject to oxidation. The bacteria responsible for the iron ochre, called chemotrophs (i.e., whose energy source is chemical), will participate. The agglutination of these organisms and various incorporated components, including iron oxide, forms the matrix of iron ochre.

Aging

It is the last stage of the formation of the iron ochre. It occurs during the dehydration of the ochre matrix. This phenomenon occurs when the conditions of temperature, pH, or other parameters no longer allow the growth of the iron ochre. The ochreous matrix loses a lot of volumes and can become very rigid. However, it can persist inside drainage systems for months or even years.

The direct adverse effects of iron ochre clumping in drainage systems are loss of hydraulic efficiency and eventually complete blockage. This partial or total inefficiency will lead to a series of problems, the nature of which depends on the environment being drained.

The presence of ferrous ochre may be temporary. This occurs when the soluble iron that feeds the phenomenon is available in limited quantities. If the drainage system is subjected to a constant flow, the phenomenon can fade after 3 to 8 years. However, if soluble iron is available from the drained environment, the ferrous ochre phenomenon is permanent; that is, it is considered that an unlimited amount of soluble iron is available. It is in the latter case that the phenomenon proves to be a substantial problem.

In the drained soil, the problem arises due to the contribution of soluble iron in the groundwater. There are more ferrous oxides and organic matter, and therefore more energy sources for forming iron ochre in sandy and organic soils (black earth, peat, etc.) than in clayey soils. It is due to several factors. It turns out that iron-reducing bacteria are primarily anaerobic. On the other hand, for the iron in the soil to be oxidized, i.e., to be reducible by these bacteria, it must be in the presence of oxygen, i.e., under aerobic conditions. The two phenomena cannot coincide and must follow each other quickly since the iron oxide in contact with water finds a form that these bacteria cannot use. However, sand has the property of expelling oxygen rapidly after being submerged, which stimulates the reduction of iron oxides by the bacteria. Moreover, sands are disposed to contain organic matter either by the incursion of roots or by the presence of organic horizons within the sandy soil layer. Sandy soil is one in which most grains are between 75 µm and 4.75 mm in diameter.

Black earth, bogs, and other organic soils are also prone to the problem of iron ochre since they generally contain much iron and organic matter. Clays, on the other hand, unless mixed with significant amounts of organic matter, are poor soils for iron ochre development; here are the reasons why. First, the level of available organic carbon within the clay is usually low. Second, there appears to be a solid electrochemical attraction between the clay particles and the iron oxides. This would prevent the latter from being carried away with the groundwater to the drainage system.

Temperature

The groundwater supplies the areas affected by the iron ochre with soluble iron. Thus, the ochre matrix is in contact with the groundwater, and the growth of the bacteria will depend on its temperature.

Table showing the different growth temperatures at which some "iron-eating" bacteria grow.

Growth temperature range (°C)

Bacteria genus (°C) minimum (°C) optimum (°C) maximum
Sphaerotilus natans 15 25-30 37
Leptothrix ochracea 10 20-25 35
Thiobacillus ferroxidans 06 26-28 34
Gallionella ferruginea 05 19-20 30
Clonothrix fusca
Siderocapsulatus sp.nov.
Crenothrix polyspora
Naumaniella

On the one hand, these figures reveal that the growth of the ochreous matrix cannot occur under winter (freezing) conditions. On the other hand, it is unlikely that the groundwater temperature is high enough to inhibit the growth of these bacteria.

Observations show that water drained at snowmelt, when the water is 1 to 2°C, contained iron ochre. The ochre was suspended in the water at the outlet of the drainage system, had a reddish-brown matte color, and was not as adherent as the newly formed iron ochre. It indicates that the ochre matrix can persist in drainage systems for several months (depending on the length of winter) even if the temperature is below that required for the growth of the bacteria forming it. This also indicates that temperature may affect the nature of the iron ochre, i.e., its adhesion property and color. According to the same study, when the groundwater temperature reached 12°C, the deposition of iron ochre on the drainage system was significant. The ochre had a reddish-orange color and was viscous and sticky. In a context such as a subsurface drainage system where the environment involved is natural and subject to weathering, controlling the temperature of the groundwater, up or down, is a virtually impossible undertaking.

Drainage liner

Geosynthetic membranes or net stones, or both form what is called the drainage envelope around the drainage pipes. Such an envelope aims to prevent soil particles from reaching the drainage pipe but to allow water percolation. A geosynthetic is a synthetic material in the form of a textile, non-woven, membrane, net, etc., intended for landscaping. It has many uses, but it can be used to isolate the environment from the drainage pipe. As in the case of the latter, but on a smaller scale, the interstices between the fibers of the geosynthetics offer and their very surface represent an aerobic-anaerobic interface. A study conducted on different geosynthetics shows that the formation of iron ochre inside them can decrease their hydraulic conductivity by a factor of up to 45.3. However, these values were generally between 2 and 15. Clean stone is a building material composed of aggregates of approximately the same diameter, typically between 5 and 50 cm. Net stone, or net aggregate, will be used to cover pipes and drain water that flows between its aggregates since a network of cavities is formed between them due to the lack of smaller aggregates to fill the spaces. It is these cavities that offer the iron ochre bacteria the aerobic-anaerobic interface they need. These factors make the suppression of iron ochre very problematic since, in short, the same characteristics that allow the system to be effectively draining make it vulnerable to iron-eating bacteria.

When the conditions are suitable for the development of iron ochre, it is almost impossible to prevent its occurrence. For such a thing to be possible, as described in the previous sections of this report, it would be necessary to deprive the drained soil of two fundamental elements: water and air. Therefore, this is unthinkable. Besides, if the iron is removed from the vicinity of drainage systems by a complete excavation of the drained soils and then backfilling, the metal in question would migrate from the surrounding soils into the affected environment. This somewhat inescapable fact suggests that any attempt to mitigate the iron ochre phenomenon would be mitigation since, according to current knowledge, there is no viable way to prevent or eliminate the proliferation of these iron-eating bacteria. This section is limited to mitigation methods. Nevertheless, an overview will first be given of the response of Quebec authorities to the problem caused by the phenomenon.

What is lead?

Lead is a soft, heavy, bluish-gray metal found in small amounts naturally. Exposure to large amounts of lead can cause severe illness and even death.

Until the 1960s, lead was used as a pigment in many paints, especially in shades of white and pastel colors. Some paints could contain up to 50% lead by weight. In the 1960s, other pigments replaced lead, but lead continued to be used in small amounts as a sealant or to speed paint drying. Since 1976, the federal government has limited the lead content of interior paint to a value of 0.5% by weight or a minimum of 1.0 mg / cm2 or 5000 mg/kg. Exterior paint may contain more, but jars must have a warning label advising that the paint contains lead and that it should not be used on surfaces within reach of children. In 1991, Canadian paint manufacturers voluntarily stopped using lead.

Paint that is more than a few decades old in your home may contain lead. The lead content varies depending on when the paint was made. If your home was built between 1960 and 1980, the interior or exterior paint might contain small amounts of it. If it was built before 1960, and many successive coats of paint cover the surfaces, the lead levels are undoubtedly high.

Lead-based paint is safe if it is in good condition and remains intact. The situation becomes dangerous when the paint peels off or comes off in patches. The mere friction of opening and closing doors or windows with painted frames can generate dust. This dust can be found on children’s hands and toys, which will bring them to their mouths. Young children can easily swallow chips of paint. Edges and trim within reach of teething toddlers are also a hazard.

Renovating an older home can expose residents to lead. The sanding, stripping, and heating of lead-based paints produce large amounts of dust and lead fumes. Even remodeling without sanding or stripping can damage old paint and release lead-laden dust. Damaged paint on the outside of the house can contaminate gardens and sandboxes; contaminated soil and sand can then be introduced indoors, increasing the lead levels in your home.

Symptoms of lead poisoning vary depending on how much lead an individual is exposed to and for how long.

Possible symptoms are insomnia, irritability, restlessness, trouble concentrating, memory loss, headaches, anemia, muscle tremors, and abdominal cramps.

Frequent exposure to high doses of lead can cause damage to the brain and kidneys. In addition, high levels of lead in the body can impair fertility in men and increase the risk of complications during pregnancy (spontaneous abortion, delivery of a stillborn baby, and premature delivery).

Exposure to small amounts of lead interferes with fetuses, infants, and young children; it causes learning disabilities in these people that will follow them throughout their lives.

If possible, if too much lead is detected in the paint, it is best not to touch the paint. However, if the paint deteriorates or if you wish to carry out renovations, four (4) options are available to you:

Repair;
The recovery;
Replacement;
The removal

Repair

You can cover the paint with a new coat of paint (lead-free). If the paint does peel, it can be carefully sanded or stripped. If the fresh paint does not adhere, a good cleaning with sodium triphosphate solution and a good rinse will help with adhesion.

Covering

This involves covering the old paint with a more durable material (vinyl wallpaper or siding panels) to prevent exposure.

Replacement

Doors, windows, moldings, baseboards, and all other materials can be removed and replaced. It is important to damage the paint as little as possible during removal. Clean the premises thoroughly afterward.

Removal

Removing paint or stripping is the option that poses the most significant health risk. Several rules must be followed. Wearing disposable coveralls, goggles, gloves, and other safety accessories. The use of an appropriate breathing apparatus is mandatory.

Prepare the area: Remove curtains, rugs, and furniture from the work area. Cover items that cannot be moved with heavy plastic and seal the ends tightly. Cover the floor with at least two layers of plastic. Seal the ventilation holes. Protect the access to the work area with plastic. If you are handling chemical strippers, use a ventilation system that expels air to the outside.

Use Safe Stripping Techniques: Lead-based paint should not be removed by heating, sanding, or sandblasting. It is preferable to use chemical strippers. However, these products may contain substances that are also dangerous for health. Handle strippers containing methylene chloride or other solvents with care.

Follow the manufacturer's instructions, adequately ventilate the work area (use a ventilation system that rejects air to the outside), wear gloves, eye protection, and a respirator suitable for using organic solvents.

Clean daily: vacuum the workplace at the end of each working day, preferably using a central vacuum that expels air to the outside or fitted with a special high-efficiency filter (HEPA). If you do not have such equipment, use a vacuum cleaner with a secondary filter or a partially filled bag. Do not use a broom or vacuum with a new bag - this will scatter the dust rather than pick it up. Place all waste in an airtight container that says, "Hazardous waste - contains lead."

Dispose of your work clothes with care: remove your protective clothing and footwear whenever you leave the work area. Wash work clothes separately from others or throw them away at the end of the work.

Perform a final cleaning: wait a few hours before proceeding with the final cleaning to allow time for the dust to settle. (Don't forget the basement, closets, and other "non-visible" areas where dust may collect.) Dispose of all garbage, plastic sheeting, and safety clothing in the waste container. Dangerous. Vacuum thoroughly. Again, it is best to use a central vacuum that rejects the air outside or has a HEPA filter. Clean all surfaces at least once with a high phosphate detergent or a cleaner specifically designed for lead. Rinse with clean water and vacuum again.

Dispose of waste safely: Lead-based paint chips should be treated as hazardous waste. Contact your municipal waste disposal company or the provincial office of the Ministry of the Environment for instructions on how to dispose of it.

Mercury is a naturally occurring element that can be released from natural sources or human activity into the environment. Mercury is neurotoxic, has a persistent effect, and is bioaccumulative. When a product containing mercury is broken or thrown away, it can release it into the air. It can enter the environment and become part of the global mercury cycle. Under the effect of biological activity, mercury can transform into methyl mercury, a very toxic substance. It can accumulate in living organisms from their environment and move up the food chain by concentrating.

Even at low concentrations, virtually all mercury compounds are toxic and harmful to marine and terrestrial ecosystems. In humans, damage to the brain, nervous system, kidneys, and lungs can be observed. In extreme cases, it can lead to coma or death. A fetus exposed to mercury can experience developmental difficulties.

Thermostats containing mercury can be used for heating and cooling systems in homes, institutional, commercial or industrial buildings. They are usually found installed on the wall. Most non-digital thermostats contain mercury.

Thermostats containing mercury typically have a toggle switch with a bulb filled with mercury to turn the heating and cooling system on or off. This bulb is visible when the thermostat cover is removed. It can contain three to four grams of mercury, and some thermostat models can have one to six bulbs. This type of thermostat has been widely used in Canada. Today, there are fewer and fewer of them.

During demolition work or when replacing these thermostats, it is important to dispose of the waste in a specific location to have safe management of mercury products to limit the risk of exposure.

What are indoor contaminants?

Contaminants in offices can come from many sources. These contaminants include: Outdoor contaminants emitted from vehicles and factories, such as carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide, which can enter buildings through ventilation systems and openings or seep through walls; Building materials and furnishings can also contain chemicals, particularly volatile organic compounds (VOCs), that are continually released into the indoor air; Office equipment, such as printers and photocopiers, can produce ozone and emit VOCs; Dust and mold can accumulate in ventilation systems and offices, providing an environment for the growth of microbial organisms;

Occupants themselves can be a source of contaminants, through the gases they produce, through their breathing and perspiration, through the personal care products they use (such as perfumes and air fresheners), and through the dust, hair and pet dander they carry to work on their clothing. All of these contaminants can make the air stale and dusty, produce unpleasant odours, and cause worker dissatisfaction and discomfort; in high concentrations, these indoor contaminants can cause physical discomfort and, in some cases, serious health problems. The increasing occupancy density and the high concentration of furniture and equipment in open-plan offices can also contribute to increased contaminant levels.

Guidelines on acceptable concentrations for other contaminants are not yet available. For example, although mold and VOCs have been associated with physical discomfort and increased dissatisfaction, current research does not provide reliable guidelines for acceptable levels for these contaminants. In the absence of such guidelines, concentrations of all indoor contaminants should be kept as low as possible.

Therefore, it would be advantageous to exceed the ASHRAE guidelines for space ventilation. Offices should be sufficiently ventilated with outdoor air to dilute contaminants and provide oxygen to the occupants. For many years, ASHRAE Standard 62.1 recommended a minimum outdoor air supply rate of 10 litres per second per person (L/s/person), but this rate has recently been reduced to 8.5 L/s/person. While this reduction results in energy savings, the effect on occupants is unclear, as no research comparing these two rates has yet been conducted. However, existing research suggests that outdoor air supply rates below 10 L/s/person can cause occupant discomfort and dissatisfaction, increase physical discomfort and absenteeism, and reduce employee performance in performing their tasks. The ASHRAE recommendation of 8.5 L/s/person should be considered an absolute minimum rate; an outdoor air supply rate of 10 L/s/person is preferable for maintaining good IAQ. Maintaining adequate ventilation in an occupied space also depends on the proper use of the ventilation system.

Special measures should be taken – such as increasing the ventilation rate or insulating the space – when renovating offices or installing new materials or furniture since they generally emit more VOCs. Since outdoor air rates are determined by occupant load, it is important to establish an appropriate rate based on the expected occupant load in open areas and revise it when occupancy density changes. Air distribution systems are diffusers, and return vents should be positioned and operated so that air is distributed evenly throughout the open area and contaminants are expelled or diluted with outdoor air.

Mixing systems (traditional);
Displacement air systems;
Personal systems.

Most open-plan offices in North America use the traditional mixing system. If properly designed and operated, this system can produce good IAQ. Researchers at IRC found that workstation size, partition height, and air diffuser location had very little effect on the performance of the traditional system in controlling contaminant concentrations in open-plan offices (when the outdoor air supply rate is 10 litres/second/person). However, occupants of workstations with high partitions tended to be less satisfied with the ventilation. This is probably more of a psychological effect than a consequence of the physical environment itself - occupants believe that high partitions interfere with good airflow. For this reason, partitions higher than 1.68 m (66 in.) should be avoided.

Both displacement and personal systems can provide superior IAQ (compared to traditional systems), provided that the contaminated and stale air rises sufficiently above the occupants' heads. But these systems can also cause thermal discomfort if not used properly. Displacement systems blow air at floor level, resulting in drafts if the temperature of the incoming air is not properly controlled. They can also create temperature gradients between the top and bottom of the room that can be uncomfortable if they are too large.

Factors that contribute to good IAQ. Contaminants can accumulate in office spaces and ventilation systems. Thus, regular, thorough cleaning of offices and the ventilation system is in order, as it reduces the accumulation of dust, VOCs, and microbes, thus improving occupant satisfaction and reducing physical discomfort. On the other hand, some cleaning techniques can cause a temporary redistribution of dust in the air, and many cleaning products contain VOCs; for these reasons, these activities should be undertaken when offices are not occupied.

Control of contaminant sources. The best way to improve IAQ is to prevent contaminants from entering the office space. A better selection of materials and products used can reduce the amount of VOCs emitted, especially when new materials are introduced into the building. To prevent outdoor contaminants from entering the office, high-efficiency air filters should be used in the ventilation system.

Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) describes a situation in which occupants of office towers suffer from acute health problems or sensations of discomfort that appear to be directly related to the time spent inside the building. Workers experiencing this syndrome may be those located in a particular room or area or from the entire building. Generally, the symptoms/signs of SBM are as follows:

Allergies
Asthma attacks
Itchy skin
Difficulty concentrating
Dizziness
Chronic fatigue
Irritability
Throat irritation
Chest pain
Rapid shortness of breath
Edema
Palpitations
Complications during pregnancy
Eye irritation
Irritation of the nose
Headaches
Nausea
Dry skin
Sensitivity to odours
Cold symptoms
Dry cough
Hoarse voice

Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) can be recognized by various non-specific symptoms among occupants of the same building, for example, in the same work environment. In a work environment where SBM is rampant, there is a decrease in productivity and an increase in absenteeism among workers who feel the effects. Increasingly, companies recognize the occupational and financial risks of SBM and take the problem seriously. Avoidable problems...too rarely avoided. Although most commercial buildings are equipped with ventilation and air purification equipment, they are dependent on good maintenance. Maintenance and filter changes are often done improperly; ventilation systems quickly blow out air laden with polluting particles.

Internal environment: temperature, humidity.

Airborne contaminants: chemicals, dust, mold, fumes, gases or odours.
Insufficient supply of fresh air from outside.

Indoor air contaminants; effects on the physiological and psychological health of occupants. Since you spend more than 90% of your time in closed rooms such as at home, at school or at work... having the air you breathe tested is a way to prevent any pathology that could affect your quality of life, that of your employees, your family or the people around you. Whether it is in the residential, commercial (SBM - Sick Building Syndrome), industrial (factories and production lines), institutional (CHSLD, hospitals) or governmental (public service buildings) sectors, there is no escape from this air that is imposed on us.

In the commercial segment, it is imperative to control the quality of the air and the environment since many individuals are close; this circumstantial combination makes the propagation of viruses, bacteria and fungi in the air more likely. Typically, samples for air quality testing are taken from the basement in areas of water infiltration to the highest ventilation ducts in the building.

Mold refers to fungi, yeast, mildew and all types of moulds. Mold and fungi are natural elements of the environment and play an essential role in decomposing leaves, trees and plant debris. These microorganisms can enter a building directly or as airborne spores. In a home or building, mold and mildew will typically be found on walls, drywall such as gypsum board or plaster and Sheetrock®, furniture, fabrics, wallpaper, draperies, ceiling tiles, and rugs and carpets. However, no fungal contamination or water build-up should be tolerated indoors. Refer to this article for more details on the causes of mold.

Sampling and analysis of biological contaminants (mold)

The analyses of the results of the mold test performed in the laboratory are accredited by the Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques (MDDELCC) of Quebec. All mold samples collected are analyzed in the laboratory and approved by microbiologists specializing in microbiology. The laboratory technicians are certified by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). All laboratory operations are carried out according to the international standard ISO/CEI 17025. All sampling methods comply with the standards and regulations of the Institut de recherche en santé et sécurité au travail du Québec (IRSST) and Health Canada's occupational health and safety regulations. AIRTESTS sampling technicians are continuously trained according to the protocols prescribed by the laboratory.

Depending on the nature of the specific needs of each situation and the time available to obtain the mould test results provided by the laboratory, here are the different sampling methods used by AIRTESTS in the search for indoor environmental contaminants

Method 1 - Spores Trap Air Mould Sampling

Microbiological surveys of total mold spores in the air using a spore trap are carried out. The parameters obtained by these samples are the enumeration of total mold spores in the air and the identification of mold genera.

To establish this type of microbiological air survey, total mold spores (viable and non-viable) must be sampled to accurately count the total fungal particles in the air. To do this, air samples are collected using an Air-O-Cell pump and cassette. This spore trap sampler pumps 75 litres of ambient air through the cassette for 5 minutes (or 150 litres for 10 minutes). The sampling matrix is equipped with a microscope slide coated with an adhesive film on which the particles present in the sampled air are impacted. The sampling techniques for this mold test apply to viable and non-viable mold spores (total spore count).

Intra-wall, intra-ceiling or intra-floor sampling can be used to inspect the air behind walls, ceilings and floors. It will be possible to perform this analysis with a probe that passes through an opening. The sampling time will be reduced to 2 minutes for a total of 30 litres of air. The sampling time is thus reduced since the environment behind the walls is generally dustier. Dust can limit and compromise the reading of results.

Method 2 - Sampling of molds in the air by Bio Impaction

The parameters obtained by these samples are enumeration, identification to genera and/or species. Only viable molds in the air are identified with this method; that is to say, it does not detect dead molds that can remain allergenic.

Microbiological air samples are collected using an Andersen-type impinger. Air enters the unit from the top through the impaction process, and the microorganisms are separated and stored in an appropriate culture medium by centrifugal force. The culture medium used for molds and yeasts is MEA or PEA agar. The samples are stored at 4°C until they are returned to the laboratory, where they are incubated for several days.

Bio-impaction research is most useful for in-depth investigations. This technique requires a laboratory waiting period of up to two weeks for incubation, subculturing and re-incubation of live material (agar cultures). In-depth environmental research is done on a case-by-case basis through elaborate, custom-built submissions.

Method 3 - Surface Mould Swipe

A sample of surface contaminants for microbiological analysis is collected using a specially designed swab to collect and transport microorganisms. This sampling method for testing mold is defined as "Contact Swab."

For example, an area of 100 cm2 (10 cm x 10 cm) is sampled with a swab to obtain the CFU/100 cm2.

The sampling applies to viable molds only; however, these results do not reflect the quality of the indoor air. These samples are generally taken inside ducts or on ventilation grills and on any other surface of suspicious appearance. The parameters obtained are mold counts, identification of mold genus and identification of surface mold species.

Method 4 - Sampling of mold on surfaces by tape lift

CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH)
MATERIAL HUMIDITY (%)
ACTUAL TEMPERATURE (°C)
FORMALDEHYDE GAS (HCHO) - (Optional service)
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (TVOC) - (Optional service)

What is house dust?

House dust is a very fine solid particle that remains suspended in the air. It is generally particles that come off materials, fabrics, food, skin, animal hair, combustion smoke. They can come from our daily activities or the outside environment. Dust is, therefore, an accumulation of several components whose composition is unknown. It must be analyzed to know all the particles that make it up. Depending on their size, they can penetrate the body through the respiratory system.

The “total dust” has sizes varying from 10 to 100 microns and can be retained in the nasal cavity. Respirable dust, which ranges in size from 5 to 10 microns, can enter the trachea, lungs and bronchioles. They can also be swallowed or spit out by the individual. Dust that is very fine (0.5 microns) can be deposited in the pulmonary alveoli.

Dust can be found in carpets, fabrics, mattresses, ears, curtains, couches, ventilation units and their ducts, fireplaces, kitchens, baseboards, moldings…in short, everywhere in the house.

Health risks. Dust associated with inadequate humidity favours the reproduction of dust mites. Dust mites can cause skin irritations, allergies, respiratory problems… The risks related to dust also depend on the type of dust. Different effects can be observed in individuals, such as
Respiratory discomfort
Allergies
Toxic effects on the body
Nose lesions
Fibrogenic effects (e.g. proliferation of connective tissue in the lungs)
Cancer

The dose that the body will absorb varies according to its concentration and the duration of exposure to the contaminant in question. The risk of toxicity and the intensity of the reaction are proportional to the absorption. The state of health and the proper functioning of the individual’s organs can also influence the level of intoxication to a substance. Generally, workers who smoke tobacco experience increased toxic effects. Tobacco smoke can increase the effects of dust on the airways since it has already decreased the efficiency of the lungs, which slows down their cleaning at the level of the respiratory cells. For example, it has been shown that tobacco and asbestos and/or silica, when exposed simultaneously, create a synergistic action that increases the harmful effects of the contaminant.

How to reduce the amount of dust in the environment?

Vacuum at least once (1) a week;
Dust at least once (1) a week;
Wash all bedding to eliminate dust mites;
Have ventilation and heating ducts cleaned;
Change and wash filters on air purifiers, air conditioners, air exchangers at least two (2) times a year;
Limit the number of carpets that collect dust;
The purchase of anti-dust mite comforter covers, mattresses and pillows is strongly recommended;
Reduce the presence of plants in the rooms.

There are a few essential conditions to ensure the compliance of the in-situ samples. For your indoor air samples to reflect the actual state of air quality as closely as possible, we ask that you keep the doors and windows closed and turn off the power:

Dehumidifier
Air purification,
Air exchanger
Humidifier,
Fireplace/stove
Air conditioner

FOR 24 HOURS BEFORE YOUR APPOINTMENT, THANK YOU.

Your home will be inspected for the following:

Indoor air quality analysis by identifying the types of mold spores;
Analysis of the quality of the outside air by identifying the types of mold spores;
Reading of the environmental parameters of the house, indoor vs. outdoor;
General observation of the compliance appearance of the home's mechanics;
General observation of the appearance of compliance of the physical layout of the house;
General observation of the kinetics of the water in infiltration potential, negative slopes, etc.;
General observation of air kinetics, assessment of potential for cross-contamination;
General observation of heating and cooling systems, sanitation status.

Laboratory analysis work is certified per the international standard ISO 17025. All sampling methods comply with the standards and regulations of the Institut de Recherche en Santé et Sécurité au Travail du Québec (IRSST) and the regulations on occupational health and safety (CNESST). The samples are taken in the laboratory by biotechnologists, microbiologists and chemists specialized in the leading-edge sectors of their respective disciplines. All analytical operations performed in the laboratory are recognized or accredited according to the ISO/CEI 17025 standard. The various laboratory testing methodologies are per international standards recognized by NIOSH, OSHA, ASTM, AOAC, FDA BAM, CTFA, USP, APHA, ASM, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The laboratory's internal Quality Assurance & Quality Control (QA/QC) programs are also ISO 17025 compliant. The laboratory's analytical work also complies with CMHC and Health Canada Standards.

This method is the one proposed by Airtests Mattests

Microbiological air sampling of mold spores by Spores Trap.

The parameters obtained by these samples will be GENERATOR, NUMBER, CONCENTRATION, and ANNOTATION of the microbiologist.

Total mold spores (viable and non-viable) are sampled, allowing for an accurate count of total fungal particles in the air. Air samples are collected using an electronic pump and a cassette of the Air-O-Cell, Allergenco-D, or equivalent model. This spore trap sampler pumps 75 litres (or variable depending on conditions) of surrounding air through the cassette for 5 minutes (or variable). This cassette is equipped with a microscope slide coated with an adhesive film on which the particles present in the sampled air are then impacted. The sampling techniques apply to viable and non-viable mold spores, i.e., the number of total spores.

Proportion of viable vs. non-viable spores in the total mold count

This statistical calculation method is the one recommended by Airtests Mattests.

It is essential to know that most mold spores, whether viable or non-viable, have pathogenic potential. Indeed, even when dead, spores can cause allergic reactions. In a study* conducted over a two (2) year period, statistical collection of viable vs. non-viable samples revealed standard deviations at ratios of 0.29 and 7.61, respectively, showing a median value of 3.95. At Airtests Mattests, based on this statistical calculation, we assign a default value indicating that 40% of the spores sampled are composed of potentially viable spores. In contrast, 60% of the total spore collection would be non-viable (non-cultivable).

*In a study, it was found that the ratios between the total fungal spores collected by the Burkard sampler (Total counts) and the viable fungi collected by the Andersen sampler (Viables only) ranged between 0.29 and 7.61 Adhikari A., Sen M.M., Gupta-Bhattacharya S., Chanda S. (2004). Airborne viable, non-viable, and allergenic fungi in a 2-year study at five outdoor sampling stations. Science of the Total Environment.

When Airtests Mattests justifies taking viable spore samples on culture media for incubation, we strictly follow the MDDELCC guidelines, which recommend an initial incubation of 8-10 days with an additional 8-10 day subculture. When the culture is performed according to the methodology, we can expect to receive the results within three (3) weeks! We know that some laboratories decide to compromise 8 to 10 days of incubation time, ignoring the respect of the method dictated by the Ministry of the Environment. However, it is essential to know before opting for this type of analysis that the result of the whole process will be the total and definitive eradication of fungal contaminants in the indoor environment, your indoor environment! Step up a gear with Airtests Mattests, get the real answers to your real problems right now.

Indoor air quality compliance, locations considered healthy for habitation.

Non-compliance of premises with potential health risks for the occupants.
Status of conditions conducive to fungal growth
Recommendations, steps to follow if necessary

Inclusions

Indoor air sampling
Outdoor air sampling, comparative standard
Technician trained in sampling
Measuring equipment and pumps
Specific sampling matrices
Carbon dioxide ppm CO2;
Relative humidity % RH;
Actual site temperature
Hygrometry of materials
Photos of the state of the premises
Photographs of processes
Certified laboratory analysis
Certified laboratory report
Interpretation by pictograms
Conclusion in plain language, intelligible
Confirmation of sanitation (if applicable)
Safety and warning guide
Structured and completed report in PDF format
Interpretation and comprehension grid
Guide to mold and health impacts
Description of the steps to follow, options available
Mould management guide, decontamination
Compendium of mold and pathological impacts
Contamination prevention information guide
Diagnostic Immune Test Grids in Appendix

Optional services

Formaldehyde/formaldehyde gas levels (CH2O / HCHO)
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC)

What is radon?

Radon is a radioactive gas that comes from the natural decomposition of uranium in rocks, soil, and groundwater. It is odorless, colorless, and tasteless. Radon escapes from the ground into the air.

Outside, it is not dangerous because its concentration is diluted. However, it can infiltrate homes or other buildings. When it is found indoors, it is trapped and can accumulate to high concentrations. In these cases, it can be harmful to the health of the occupants. The only real risk known from exposure in an environment where concentrations are high is to develop lung cancer in the long term. However, the risks are a function of three (3) important factors:

The concentration of radon
The occupant's duration of exposure
His habits related to smoking

Radon does not cause respiratory problems (chronic bronchitis or emphysema), allergies, asthma, or congenital disabilities.

A study conducted by Health Canada in 15,000 homes across the country has shown that one (1) home in ten (10) in Quebec has a radon problem. 6.9% of homes in Montreal, 8.8% of homes in the Quebec City area, and 12.1% of homes in the Laval area that were tested had a radon problem. It should be noted that each house is unique and that the results of neighboring houses and the neighborhood average cannot be relied upon. Radon accumulates in the building's lowest, least ventilated rooms, regardless of whether the home is new or old. Generally, the highest concentrations are found in the basement.

In Canada, radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking (for smokers) and the leading cause of lung cancer for non-smokers. Smokers are even more concerned by radon because their risk of developing this cancer is considerably increased due to the damage already present in their lungs. It is estimated that an individual who does not smoke but is exposed to high levels of radon throughout their life has a one in 20 chance of developing lung cancer, while a smoker has one in three cases (3). Radon decays into small radioactive particles that can be inhaled. When they get into the lungs, they can damage lung cells. These cells can form cancer when they renew themselves. The risk of lung cancer from radon increases with the concentration of radon in the individual's environment, the length of exposure, and smoking. Radon does not cause respiratory disorders, allergies, asthma, or congenital disabilities. It is only considered a carcinogen. In Canada, it is estimated that 16% of lung cancer deaths are associated with radon exposure.

Over a year, the air pressure inside your home is lower than the pressure in the soil around the foundation. This pressure difference allows gases at ground level to enter the building through an opening in the floor. Whether buildings are new, recent, or old, a space is possible. Radon can enter a building through a crack in the foundation, through a gap around pipes, through an unfinished basement floor, through a dirt floor, through sumps, crawl spaces, joints, faucets, etc. Radon accumulates significantly in the lowest rooms and those less well ventilated (e.g., basements). Radon can be found in groundwater from small private or community wells. Radon from the ground can be diluted and accumulate in well water. Then, when the water is agitated while taking a shower, the radon gets into the air during laundry. It should be noted that radon is much less harmful when ingested than when inhaled. The health risks are related to the inhalation of the gas.

The amount of radon present inside a house varies according to the concentration of uranium and radon present in the soil, the climate, the ventilation of the premises, the tightness and insulation of the building, and finally, according to the negative pressure. What is explained here is that when the air pressure is lower inside a building than outside, radon can penetrate more quickly through an opening.

To find out how much radon is in your building, you need to measure it. The unit of measurement for radon is the Becquerel per cubic meter, one (1) Bq is one (1) radioactive decay per second. Health Canada recommends that the concentration of radon present be below 200 Bq/m3. However, even if the risks are below 200 Bq/m3, no level is considered safe. Each homeowner must decide what level they are willing to accept. Health Canada recommends that the situation be corrected within two (2) years if the concentration is between 200 and 600 Bq/m3 and within one (1) year if the values exceed 600 Bq/m3.

It should be noted that one should not rely on the results of tests carried out in the surrounding homes since radon concentrations can vary from one home to another, although they are very close. In Canada, building materials such as stone, brick, concrete, or granite are not considered sources of radon. Natural materials extracted from the ground, such as granite, may contain uranium. However, in February 2010, Health Canada tested 33 types of granite commonly purchased in Canada, and none had significant radon levels.

Health Canada recommends that radon measurements be taken for at least three (3) months and ideally during the fall or winter when ventilation is reduced. The detector should be installed on the lowest floor of the building, where the occupants spend a minimum of four (4) hours per day. A building can be diagnosed by taking a short-term measurement (a minimum of 7 days) in a representative room or area regularly frequented. Subsequently, and to obtain more accurate results, it is recommended to perform a long-term reading (minimum 3 to 4 months) generally in the basement.

Whether the building is new or old, it is advisable to have the house checked for radon. Note: It is advisable to follow the recommendations of the national authorities concerning the measurement methods, their period, and the concentration limits requiring action to reduce radon. Short-term detection - Radon detector for rent for seven (7) days.

The electronic detection device available for rent allows to measure the average radon concentration in the air for seven (7) days, and it even answers from day 1. The device is powered by batteries which avoid the connection to a wall socket. It allows you to identify the areas most at risk in any environment quickly. That is to say, in a house, a workplace, a school. It is, here, the most reliable device on the market with an accuracy rate of ±5%. Short-term concentration averages are often used to identify the effects of actions taken to reduce the radon level (e.g., ventilation modification). These averages can also have a general but relevant estimate of the concentration levels if it is impossible to make a long-term measurement.

Electronic radon detection is based on the diffusion of the gas in a detection chamber. When the radon atoms decay, they emit energetically charged Alpha particles. These particles are then identified by a silicon photovoltaic LED (diode). Each of these Alpha particles generates a small electrical pulse when it hits the diode. It is then converted and increased to produce an electrical signal. The maximum amplitude of this electrical signal is digitized by a digital converter (ADC), and this amplitude is proportional to the energy of the alpha particles striking the LED (photovoltaic diode). The microcontroller records the time and the strength of each detected particle. This information is used to calculate the average radon concentration weekly. The system operates on low voltage, running for three (3) consecutive years before replacing the batteries. Long-term detection - throughout at least three (3) months

Radon is found in almost every building; the important thing is to know how much radon there is. It is then necessary to be able to quantify it. In a house, radon concentrations vary from one day to another, from one hour to another. Therefore, the most accurate measure to determine the presence or absence of a problem is to measure the gas over at least three (3) months. It is preferable that these measurements be taken during the fall or winter and that the detector is installed on the lowest floor of the house. The most popular option is to purchase a long-term radon measurement kit and install it in the home. The results obtained after three (3) months can reasonably accurately represent the average annual radon exposure of the occupant.

How are the results interprete?

Health Canada recommends that the radon level does not exceed the limit of 200 becquerels/m3.
The US FDA recommends that radon levels not exceed the limit of 150 becquerels/m3.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that the annual average indoor radon concentration be lower than 100 becquerels/m3.
be lower than 100 becquerels/m3.

Your results exceed the Government of Canada's acceptable radon limit.

Personal Protection
In the case of chronic smokers, it is important to quit smoking first. This will reduce the risk of developing radon-related lung cancer.
Correcting the home
Health Canada recommends correcting the situation within two (2) years if the concentration is between 200 and 600 Bq/m3 and within one (1) year if the values exceed 600 Bq/m3. Whether or not there are smokers in residence, corrections should be made.
Seal cracks in the foundation;
Seal openings that are in contact with the ground;
If there are sumps, make sure they are covered and vented to the outside;
Improve ventilation in the house, especially in the basement.

If the measurements obtained are very high, the corrections mentioned above may not be sufficient. In this case, a qualified radon contractor should be called in. Radon removal systems can be installed around the foundation to prevent radon from entering the home. After much work, measuring the radon levels again is preferable to ensure that the corrections made are effective.

It is important to choose the right company to carry out such work. A list of certified companies is available on Health Canada's National Radon Competency Program. If you are planning to have your home built, you can prevent radon infiltration.

Techniques can be used to minimize radon ingress into the home. Contractors can do this before your home is built, reducing costs if such procedures are used after construction.

Can we evaluate the presence of covid-19 in the air and on surfaces?

For the past several months, the world has been dealing with COVID-19, a respiratory disease caused by a virus transmitted from one person to another. The primary route of infection is through the transmission of tiny droplets from an infected person when they cough or sneeze. Individuals must be within two (2) meters of each other. It is also possible that a person can contract COVID-19 by touching their mouth, nose, or eyes after contact with surfaces or objects that are contaminated.

This may not be the most direct route of infection, but it is still a risk factor. Recent studies suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can remain alive and infectious on surfaces for hours or even days, depending on the surface type. Coronaviruses can remain infectious on surfaces for up to 9 days. In reviewing all the research published to date, researchers at the Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany, suggest that the coronavirus can be active for nine days on dry surfaces such as plastic, metal, and glass. This German study also shows that ambient temperature and high humidity contribute to prolonging the virus’s life.

The presence or absence of viral genetic material in the air can now be tested. A new molecular test has been developed that can demonstrate the effectiveness of indoor environmental cleaning protocols. It consists of an RT-qPCR test that precisely targets the N gene of the nucleocapsid virus.

Samples are taken using a cassette and a pump that sucks in 1000 liters of air (1 cubic meter) in 50 minutes, and the results will indicate the presence or absence of two (2) indicators from the virus. A "detected" result for one or the other indicators will confirm that the sampling area contained particles of the coronavirus.

In addition, the presence or absence of viral genetic material on surfaces can also be tested to complete your sampling. The latter consists of the extraction of the RNA of the virus found on the surfaces to detect the E gene belonging to the virus responsible for COVID-19. These analysis procedures follow the ISO 15216 standard.

Samples are taken with a swab, and the results will indicate the presence or absence of the COVID-19 virus envelope gene. A consequence of "present" or "absent" will allow you to confirm with certainty that the sample area contained particles of the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19.

With the current global situation, you can be assured that our employees follow proper Personal protective equipment is systematically used for each visit. These samples must be taken from Monday to Wednesday to respect the cold chain for sample transfers.

What is hexavalent chromium (Cr 6)?

It was in 1798 that Nicolas Louis Vauquelin isolated metallic chromium. It is found naturally in the environment in small quantities. It is present in the form of hard gray steel metal. Its main assets are its ability to resist tarnishing and corrosion over time. It has several oxidation states ranging from 2 to 6. Hexavalent chromium or chromate (Cr VI) is highly oxidizing and is the sixth oxidation state of the element chromium.

Its use is mainly recognized in the field of metallurgy. Indeed, it is used for its brighter finish to the material. It also gives the material its corrosion resistance properties. It is also used to manufacture pigments, treat metal surfaces, leather tanning, and wood preservation. It is also found in cement and mortar dust. Its use in industrial settings means that it can be released into the environment.

Hexavalent chromium is manufactured. This state of chromium is toxic and irritating and has sensitizing effects (allergic reactions) on the health of individuals in contact with it. It crosses biological membranes easily.

Indeed, hexavalent chromium can enter the human body through the respiratory tract or by direct contact with the skin or if an individual eats in a contaminated environment. Irritating effects of chromium include:

Redness or ulcers of the skin and nose.
Sore throat.
Redness of the eyes.
Coughing and breathing difficulties.
Stomach.
Gastric and esophageal ulcers.

Allergic reactions can lead to nasal discharge, bronchitis, asthma, and pulmonary fibrosis. Hexavalent chromium can also cause cancer of the lungs and bronchi. People who smoke tobacco may have increased risks from chromium. According to the literature, it is estimated that 10% of ingested hexavalent chromium is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. When inhaled, between 12% and 30% of chromium is absorbed. It is eliminated from the body in the urine when ingested and in the feces when inhaled. In studies conducted in the chromium plating industry, a correlation between exposure to hexavalent chromium and the development of lung and nasal cancer has been noted. It was also concluded that the duration of exposure could also be an essential factor in developing this cancer. Other studies in the chromate pigment production sector have also shown an increase in lung cancer in workers. Again, an association was made with the duration and level of exposure.

Among workers, the primary source of exposure to hexavalent chromium is inhalation and dermal absorption. The workers most exposed to chromate are those employed in the manufacture of chromate compounds and pigments, stainless steel production, welding, chromium plating, ferrochromium production, wood processing, and the leather tanning industry. It is through industrial processes related to chromium that worker exposure to hexavalent chromium toxicants occurs.

The population may be exposed to hexavalent chromium through food, drinking water, and residential air. Individuals who live near uncontrolled landfills containing hazardous wastes or factories where chromium is used may be more exposed to hexavalent chromium than the rest of the population. Hexavalent chromium is an industrial waste product that can be released into the environment during power generation, metal finishing, and wood processing.

The primary source of worker exposure to Cr (VI) occurs during "hot work," such as welding stainless steel or other steel alloys containing metallic chromium. Fumes composed of gases and metallic particles, including hexavalent chromium, are emitted as soon as the temperature reaches the melting point (196˚ C) of CrO3; workers and people nearby inhale these toxic fumes. In this high-risk work environment, all preventive measures must be applied to preserve the workers' health.

The analysis results will guide the workers towards the solutions to be considered: mechanical ventilation or wearing appropriate protective equipment that complies with the occupational health and safety regulations in force.

Welding fumes are a complex mixture of metal oxides, silicates, and fluorides. A fume is formed when a metal is heated to a temperature higher than its boiling point. The vapors that are released condense to produce very fine solid particles from the weld material. Its composition varies depending on the metals present in the parts being joined.

For example, welding fumes from silica or fluoride contain amorphous silica, silicates, and metal fluorides. From mild steel welding, fumes contain mainly iron and small amounts of added metal particles (chromium, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, titanium, cobalt, copper, etc.). Fumes containing mainly chromium or nickel may be generated from stainless steel welding.

The coating of the parts to be welded may be found in the welding fumes, and some may be toxic to the worker's health.

For example:

Products used in metalworking such as oils and rust inhibitors
Zinc coating on galvanized steel
Cadmium on cadmium-plated metals
Solvents and paint
Primers that are made with lead oxide
Some plastic coatings

It is preferable to remove the coating from the faces to be welded before welding to reduce the fumes. This step can be done with appropriate stripping products. Never proceed by sanding since this technique produces dust that can be toxic. Sometimes, when the coating is very toxic, it must be removed by a wet vacuum.

Improper exposure to welding fumes can cause eye and respiratory tract irritation as many metal oxides or gases released can be irritating. The welder, when exposed to high concentrations of irritating gases or particles, may develop pulmonary edema. In the literature, welders who have had accidental exposure to high concentrations of irritant gases have been reported to develop a bronchial irritation syndrome that has even caused symptoms of gill obstruction. The health risks for exposed individuals depend on several factors:

The type of welding process.
The composition of the material to be welded.
The type of coating present.
The concentration.
The conditions of exposure to welding fumes (kind of ventilation, open area, or enclosed space).
Worker practices may also have an impact on exposure (removing clothing, cleaning surfaces, etc.).

Workers may be exposed to smelter fever. Smelter's fever is caused by the inhalation of oxides of certain metals such as magnesium, zinc, and copper. In rare cases, aluminum, cadmium, iron, manganese, and nickel can cause a smelter's fever. Symptoms include fever, chills, sore throat, muscle aches, stiffness, sweating, metallic taste, nausea, vomiting, and increased thirst. All of these symptoms may appear four (4) to eight (8) hours after exposure. They disappear on their own approximately 24 to 48 hours later.

In the long term, workers may develop more chronic health problems. Typical effects include rhinitis, chronic bronchitis, skin, and mucous membrane damage, increased lung infections, and pneumoconiosis (fibrosis in the lungs). Cases, where workers developed asthma when welding smoke contained zinc have been noted in the literature.

The metals that are detected in welding fume analysis are generally aluminum (Al), antimony (Sb), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn).

What is suspended dust?

Rooms housing computer equipment must be cleaned daily and with special care to avoid dust accumulation and high levels of airborne particles. For example, to wash the floor, it is recommended to use a mop dampened with clear water, as the additives present in cleaning products can damage computer equipment. On the other hand, raised floors require special maintenance, and annual cleaning of the plenum requires the expertise of specialized companies to keep the filters of the computer units intact and to ensure a satisfactory level of hygiene for the staff. In addition to the monitoring that dust requires, temperature and humidity levels can also cause equipment failure, as can other air pollution agents that can cause rapid and damaging corrosion of computer equipment.

As the Hewlett Packard preparation guide states, air pollution, and dust represent multiple dangers for electronic equipment: masking of disk drive reading heads, component short circuits, alteration of contacts, insufficient cooling, deterioration of mechanical parts in motion, risk of damage of magnetic supports, premature clogging of internal filters or air conditioning, etc. Moreover, dust is of different types and do not react in the same way when they come into contact with electronic components:

Fine or abrasive dust;
Conductive dust;
Dry or insulating dust.

Fine dust causes abrasion of the components, especially those of the moving parts, and its accumulation on the casings favors the retention of water and humidity. Conductive dust cause short circuits, while dry or insulating dust can interrupt the current flow and increase contact resistance. Dry dust is characterized as a thermal insulator since it reduces heat dispersion and increases the local temperature. This process can damage electrical circuits and even cause fires or explosions.

Airtests Mattests assesses the air quality in all indoor environments; we can help you test for VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), asbestos, bacteria, mold, and dust that plague the premises. By knowing the actual condition of the premises, you will be better able to intervene to mitigate the problems associated with poor air quality.

These exposures can cause severe lung diseases such as silicosis. The employer must declare this disease if it occurs in one of his employees. Lung cancer can also be a consequence of silica exposure. These diseases are associated with exposure to high levels of silica. They are associated with places where sandblasting, sand casting, and foundry operations are carried out. They are also associated with mining, tunneling, cement cutting and demolition, masonry, and granite cutting. The onset of crystalline silica-related diseases in the workplace is caused by inhalation from exposure to quartz powders and dust present in the area where the worker breathes.

Preventive measures are aimed at minimizing workers' exposure to crystalline silica by various means:

Quantifying contaminants by sampling and analysis
Information and training offered to workers by the OHS
Control of the product and management of dust by vacuuming
Optimized and efficient work methodology
Calibration of ventilation in indoor environments
Wearing of respiratory protection equipment

Dust is a very fine solid particle that remains suspended in the air. They are generally particles that come off materials, fabrics, food, skin, animal hair, combustion smoke. They can come from our daily activities or the outside environment. Dust is, therefore, an accumulation of several components whose composition is unknown. It must be analyzed to know all the particles that make it up. Through the respiratory system, they can penetrate the body depending on their size.

The "total dust" has sizes varying from 10 to 100 microns and can be retained in the nasal cavity. Respirable dust, which ranges in size from 5 to 10 microns, can enter the trachea, lungs, and bronchioles. It can also be swallowed or spat out by the individual. Dust that is very fine (0.5 microns) can be deposited in the pulmonary alveoli.

Dust can be found in carpets, fabrics, curtains, couches, ventilation units and their ducts, fireplaces, kitchens, baseboards, moldings, etc., in short, everywhere in the building.

Health Risks

Dust associated with inadequate humidity favors the reproduction of dust mites. Dust mites can cause skin irritations, allergies, respiratory problems. The risks related to dust also depend on the type of dust. Different effects can be observed in individuals, such as

Respiratory discomfort
Allergies
Toxic effects on the body
Nose lesions
Fibrogenic effects (e.g., the proliferation of connective tissue in the lungs)
Cancer

The dose that the body will absorb varies according to its concentration and the duration of exposure to the contaminant in question. The risk of toxicity and the intensity of the reaction are proportional to the absorption. The state of health and the proper functioning of the individual's organs can also influence intoxication to a substance. Generally, workers who smoke tobacco experience increased toxic effects. Tobacco smoke can increase the impact of dust on the airways since it has already decreased the efficiency of the lungs, which slows down their cleaning at the level of the respiratory cells. For example, it has been shown that tobacco, asbestos, or silica, when exposed simultaneously, create a synergistic action that increases the harmful effects of the contaminant.

PM 1, PM 2.5 and PM 10

Particles are fragments in a liquid or solid form that are found suspended in the air. These particles can be of natural origin (erosion, volcanism,...) or human origin (smoke, wear, etc.). They can remain more or less long in the atmosphere according to their nature. They are produced during the combustion of fuels and industrial processes. This dust contains many organic compounds such as sulfates, nitrates, polycyclic hydrocarbons. It can also be composed of metals such as lead, zinc, cadmium. A considerable part of the PM (particulate matter) concentration results from human activities, mineral dust, wind-blown agricultural soils, VOCs from vehicles, industrial processes and solvents, sulfates, and nitrates from power plants and transportation. Natural particulate matter emissions include forest fires, wind-blown dust, some mineral particles, naturally occurring nitrogen oxides (NOx), and some VOC emissions.

Total particulate matter (TP) are airborne particles with a maximum diameter of approximately 100 micrometers. These particles are generally retained by the upper airways of the respiratory system (nose, mouth) in humans.

PM10 refers to particles of 10 micrograms per cubic meter or less in diameter (micrometers). PM10 is generally subdivided into a fine fraction of particles of 2.5 micrograms per cubic meter or less (PM2.5) and a coarse fraction of particles larger than 2.5 micrograms per cubic meter. PM10 is called "total dust" and is found near roads and dusty industries. It is respirable and can enter the bronchi.

PM2.5 are "fine particles" found in smoke and fog. They can be emitted from forest fires, for example. They are also formed when gases emitted by power plants, industries, and automobiles react in the air. These particles can penetrate the lung alveoli.

PM1 are "very fine particles" that can pass the alveolar-capillary barrier. They have a diameter of fewer than 1.0 micrometers.

Particles larger than 2.5 micrometers are coarser and fall off quickly. Finer particles can remain suspended in the air for more extended periods. It is recognized that the finer the particles, the more damaging they can be to health since they can travel further into the body.

Exposure to these particles can cause various health problems, including more severe heart and respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, emphysema. Children, the elderly, and people with respiratory problems are particularly susceptible. Other toxic air pollutants can bind to particles already in the air, creating additional health risks. Particulate matter can also damage vegetation, materials, and buildings. When particulate matter is deposited on metals, wood, stone, painted surfaces, and fabrics, it can cause discoloration, in addition to physical and chemical degradation of these materials. Particulate matter, along with other air pollutants, contributes to reduced visibility and increased smog. They can accumulate on plant surfaces and seep into soils, increasing the plant's susceptibility to disease.

Particles have been classified into three (3) primary particles, secondary particles, and resuspended particles. Primary particles are emitted directly into the atmosphere by anthropogenic or natural emissions. Secondary particles come from a Physico-chemical reaction from other pollutants. Finally, resuspended particles are particles that have been deposited and that return to the air after an air movement.

Computer server rooms

Today, computer equipment is of prime importance for all our activities. For most modern companies, a computer room in good condition represents an indispensable, even vital, asset for the smooth running of a business. Computers, servers, telecommunication closets, etc., must be exceptionally well maintained to avoid breakdowns or failures that would put most companies at risk. To that end, as IBM suggests, a clean environment is one of the most important factors in ensuring the proper functioning of IT equipment and its longevity. For example, because of its nature, a server room requires special attention, far beyond that given to traditional work environments. In addition, IT facilities are susceptible to pollution, both visible and invisible. In this sense, manufacturers recommend rigorous and systematic maintenance of their equipment. Moreover, let us recall that in case of damage or incidents, insurance companies compensate their customers only if they have respected the manufacturer's standards regarding maintenance.

Some companies specialize in this field and offer several services such as

Preventive maintenance of the appliances
Dust removal from the bottom of the casing
Reduction of work residues (cables, rubble, etc.)
Flatness of the false floor
Cleaning of surfaces, etc.

Fine dust causes abrasion of components, especially those in moving parts, and its accumulation on enclosures promotes the retention of water and moisture. Conductive dust cause short circuits, while dry or insulating dust can interrupt the current flow and increase contact resistance. Dry dust is characterized as a thermal insulator since it reduces heat dispersion and increases the local temperature. This process can damage electrical circuits and even cause fires or explosions.

Household dust

Dust is a very fine solid particle that remains suspended in the air. They are usually particles that come off materials, fabrics, food, skin, animal hair, combustion smoke... They can come from our daily activities or the outside environment. Dust is, therefore, an accumulation of several components whose composition is unknown. It must be analyzed to know all the particles that make it up. Through the respiratory system, they can penetrate the body depending on their size.

The "total dust" sizes vary from 10 to 100 microns and can be retained in the nasal cavity. Respirable dust, which ranges in size from 5 to 10 microns, can enter the trachea, lungs, and bronchioles. They can also be swallowed or spit out by the individual. Dust that is very fine (0.5 microns) can be deposited in the pulmonary alveoli.

Dust can be found in carpets, fabrics, mattresses, ears, curtains, couches, ventilation units and their ducts, fireplaces, kitchens, baseboards, moldings...in short, everywhere in the house.

Health risks. Dust associated with inadequate humidity favors the reproduction of dust mites. Dust mites can cause skin irritations, allergies, respiratory problems... The risks related to dust also depend on the type of dust. Different effects can be observed in individuals, such as

Respiratory discomfort
Allergies
Toxic effects on the body
Nose lesions
Fibrogenic effects (e.g., the proliferation of connective tissue in the lungs)
Cancer

The dose that the body will absorb varies according to its concentration and the duration of exposure to the contaminant in question. The risk of toxicity and the intensity of the reaction are proportional to the absorption. The state of health and the proper functioning of the individual's organs can also influence intoxication to a substance. Generally, workers who smoke tobacco experience increased toxic effects. Tobacco smoke can increase the impact of dust on the airways since it has already decreased the efficiency of the lungs, which slows down their cleaning at the level of the respiratory cells. For example, it has been shown that tobacco and asbestos, or silica, when exposed simultaneously, create a synergistic action that increases the harmful effects of the contaminant.

To reduce the amount of dust present in the environment, one must...

Vacuum at least once (1) a week;
Dust at least once (1) a week;
Wash all bedding to eliminate dust mites;
Have ventilation and heating ducts cleaned;
Change and wash filters on air purifiers, air conditioners, air exchangers at least two (2) times a year;
Limit the number of carpets that collect dust;
The purchase of anti-dust mite comforter covers, mattresses, and pillows is strongly recommended;
Reduce the presence of plants in the rooms.

Is the detection of dangerous or toxic gases for health is possible?

This detection can be done with colorimetric reagent tubes, dosimetric tubes. The colorimetric reagent tubes are devices for the punctual measurement of gas. These tubes are specific for a particular gas. They measure in a few seconds the precise concentration of a gas present in the air. This measurement system requires a manual pump to perform the sampling. This type of device is generally used to determine the presence of toxic or asphyxiating gases. Dosimetric tubes are used to measure average exposure values (VME). They, therefore, allow the presence of a gas to be evaluated over a specific period as required. High-tech electronic devices are also available to detect the presence of various gases in the air.

Methane (CH4)

Methane is a colorless, odorless, and flammable gas. Generally, an odorant is added to it to allow its detection during a gas leak. It is a greenhouse gas (GHG). In 2005, in Quebec, it represented 12.1% of GHGs released into the air. Fossil deposits are the primary source of methane. It comes from the decomposition of organic matter that has occurred over millions of years. It makes up what is called "natural gas." Its composition varies according to the nature of the fossilized organic matter and the physical and chemical conditions of the environment. For example, in Quebec, natural gas is composed of 95.4% methane, 1.8% ethane, 1.9% nitrogen, 0.7% carbon dioxide, and 0.2% of a mixture of simple hydrocarbons such as butane, propane, and isobutane. Natural gas is used in a variety of domestic, industrial, and agricultural applications. It is mainly marketed as compressed gas.

Methane is used in the chemical industry for the synthesis or manufacture of many products, including :

Acetylene
Methanol
Ethanol
Ammonia
Chloroform
Hydrocyanic acid
Methyl chloride
Methylene chloride
Carbon black

Methane is also used in various processes, such as:

The production of chemical vapor deposition of carbide and diamond films.
The manufacture of synthetic proteins.

In the workplace, exposure to methane occurs mainly when it is in a gaseous state. Methane is an asphyxiant gas since it replaces oxygen in the air when absorbed by the body.

Chlorine (Cl)

Chlorine gas is used as a disinfectant and sterilizing agent in water treatment. It is also used as a raw material for the synthesis of many organic and inorganic compounds. It has been used for a long time as a bleaching agent for pulp and paper in Quebec. The most frequent exposure to this gas occurs following accidental mixing or when opening containers of solid calcium hypochlorite or trichloroisocyanuric acid (granular pool chlorine). Chlorine is very toxic and can be fatal if inhaled. It is corrosive to the respiratory tract. When an individual suffers severe short-term exposure, long-term effects on the respiratory tract may be observed. Chlorine is also corrosive to the skin and eyes, causing burns.

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2)

Chlorine dioxide is mainly used as a bleaching agent in the pulp and paper industry. It can also be used (restricted use):

In the bleaching of textile fibers;
As a disinfectant in many drinking water plants
In the food industry for microbial control
In oil fields to remove biofilms, control odors, or neutralize certain compounds

In the workplace, exposure to chlorine dioxide is mainly through inhalation or skin contact with the gas. Chlorine dioxide is irritating and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory and digestive tracts. Generally, the severity of the symptoms varies depending on the exposure (duration of contact, concentration of the product, etc.). Chlorine dioxide can cause severe burns, ulcers, necrosis, or scarring that may be permanent on the skin. Generally, burns or eye damage are irreversible to the point of blindness. When this gas enters the lungs, it can cause pulmonary edema (mainly coughing and breathing difficulties), which often occurs after a certain period of up to 48 hours.

Formaldehyde (CH2O)

Formaldehyde is a colorless gas commonly used worldwide as a disinfectant and preservative. It is also used in many cleaning products and some building materials. When present at high levels in the air, it gives off a pungent odor. Formaldehyde is found at low levels in all buildings. Formaldehyde is an irritant. Short-term exposure to high levels of formaldehyde can cause burning sensations in the eyes, nose, and throat. Long-term exposure to moderate levels of formaldehyde can be associated with respiratory problems and allergies, especially in children.

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

This toxic gas is invisible, odorless, and non-irritating. It is therefore impossible to detect its presence in the air without a detection device. It is therefore strongly recommended to install CO alarms in homes with combustion appliances. Carbon monoxide (CO), which comes from a car in a garage or a defective heating appliance, is a dangerous toxic gas because of its asphyxiating properties. It accumulates rapidly in the bloodstream and prevents oxygen from being transported by red blood cells, thus properly oxygenating the individual.

Light exposure: headaches, runny nose, eye irritation, flu-like symptoms, etc.
Medium exposure: drowsiness, dizziness, vomiting, disorientation, confusion, etc.
High exposure: fainting, brain damage, death.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

This gas can be present in the indoor environment through the use of combustion appliances. It can also be produced by a vehicle left running in a garage. Nitrogen dioxide can aggravate asthma symptoms and reduce the respiratory system's proper functioning (coughing, wheezing)... The best prevention is properly maintaining appliances annually and avoiding combustion appliances in enclosed, unventilated, or even poorly ventilated spaces. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide in the workplace is caused primarily by its vapors. Certain industry sectors may contribute to the emission of nitrogen dioxide into the air. Workers involved in these industries are subject to significant exposure:

The use of nitrous explosives in mining and on hydroelectric sites;
Waste incineration in incinerators and cement plants;
Use of coal, gas, or other hydrocarbon heaters;
Fermentation of grain stored in silos.

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Carbon dioxide, a colorless, odorless gas, is a normal constituent of the atmosphere in concentrations ranging from 350 to 400 ppm. In the indoor environment, carbon dioxide is produced primarily by the occupants themselves. The concentration of CO2 in the air can, under certain conditions, be a good indicator of the effectiveness of the ventilation system; it is expressed in parts per million (ppm). To achieve acceptable indoor air quality, it is recommended that CO2 levels not exceed 700 ppm above outdoor levels. CO2 is only toxic at high concentrations (ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 (Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality) recommends a minimum ventilation rate of 10 liters/second per person for office air quality (IAQ); this rate can be achieved by the ventilation method. The ASHRAE standard also suggests another method, the IAQ procedure, which involves using acceptable concentrations of certain contaminants to achieve good IAQ. For a current occupancy rate and everyday activities, the minimum outdoor ventilation rate of 10 liters/second per person would result in a carbon dioxide concentration of 850 ppm in a steady-state occupied space. A pronounced state of discomfort results in significant difficulty in breathing and occurs when a concentration of 10,000 ppm CO2 is reached; note that this state of discomfort varies greatly from person to person.

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

Hydrogen sulfide is a dangerous gas. It is formed naturally during the decomposition of organic matter and industrial processes. In low concentrations, it has an odor of rotten eggs. However, the workers' sense of smell is not an indicator of the concentration of this gas in the air. When inhaled, it can enter the bloodstream. Poisoning can occur when concentrations are too high, preventing the body from eliminating it naturally. Exposure to low levels of hydrogen sulfide causes headaches, dizziness, loss of balance, restlessness, nausea, and diarrhea. Chronic exposure to low concentrations can cause chronic poisoning with symptoms such as slowed heart rate, fatigue, insomnia, cold sweats, eye infections, weight loss, and more. When intoxication is detected, the individual can be treated, and the effects will be reversible. When acute poisoning occurs, some individuals may have long-term symptoms such as memory loss, depression, and paralysis of certain facial muscles. Workers who are generally exposed to this gas work in sewers, wastewater treatment plants, etc. In addition, excavation workers who work in open areas with high organic content (wetlands, landfills) may be exposed.

Other examples of gases

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Hydrogen fluoride (HF)
Ammonia (NH3)

We can identify the presence of 400 different gases in industrial environments.

What are Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)?

The presence of PAHs in excessive concentrations in the workplace can decrease the efficiency and performance of personnel. These discomfort sources directly impact the rate of absenteeism (repercussions on the entire production chain). Several air quality standards have been established to protect humans from the various pollutants that can affect their health. The most common symptoms are headaches, skin irritations, and breathing difficulties.

One of the reasons that volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were included in the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) list of priority pollutants is the toxic nature of some of them. They are biologically active molecules that, once absorbed by the organisms, are subject to transformation reactions under enzymes leading to epoxides or hydroxyl derivatives. PAHs can also cause a decrease in the immune system response, thus increasing the risks of infection.

MAH Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, 30 parameters
Petroleum hydrocarbons from C2 to C50
C10 – C50 for fuel oil (heating oil)
C2 – C28 for motor oil (car lubricant)
C2 – C20 for diesel (motor vehicle)
C2 – C10 for gasoline (automotive gasoline)

Alkanes: Alkanes are hydrocarbons. They contain only carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms. Single bonds unite the atoms of these compounds in the form CnH2n+2, where n is a natural number (ethane C2H6, propane C3H8, or butane C4H10), for the alkanes whose structure is linear. Alkanes are mainly derived from petroleum products. In general, alkanes are not very reactive and participate less than other VOCs in forming ozone.

Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons, characterized by at least one double bond between two carbon atoms. The gross formula is CnH2n, where n is a natural number for aliphatic compounds. They are mainly used in the chemical industry. Alkenes are formed during petroleum refining and are more reactive than alkanes due to the double bond. Alkynes are characterized by a triple bond between two carbon atoms. The formula for this family of linear hydrocarbons is CnH2n-2. Alkynes are very reactive.

Aldehydes and ketones (carbonyl compounds): Aldehydes are unsaturated organic compounds obtained from alcohol that have lost a hydrogen atom (dehydrogenated alcohol). Their basic formula is CnH2nO. These compounds are formed by the incomplete combustion of fuels and wood. Ketones are chemical compounds derived from alcohol by the loss of two hydrogen atoms. Their basic formula is CnH2nO or n > 2. Aromatic hydrocarbons: Aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons containing at least one benzene ring.

Halogenated hydrocarbons: This name covers chlorinated, brominated, and fluorinated hydrocarbons. These VOCs are found in the air due, in particular, to their use as solvents. Their presence can also be due to their use as intermediates of synthesis (in the manufacture of insecticides and plastics), flame retardants (brominated derivatives), refrigerants, or propellants in aerosol generators. These compounds are relatively stable and can remain in the atmosphere for a long time.

Basic test that detects about 30 components:

Dibenzo (a,l) pyrene
Dibenzo (a,i) pyrene
Dibenzo (a,h) pyrene
D12-Benzo[a]pyrene
2-Chloronaphthalene 0
Benzo (c) phenanthrene
Benzo (b) fluoranthene
Benzo (k) fluoranthene
Benzo (j) fluoranthene
7,12-Dimethylbenzo (a) anthracene
3-Methylcholanthrene
D10-Fluorene
D10-Pyrene
D12-Benzo(a)pyrene
Naphthalene
Acenaphthylene
Acenaphthene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo (a) anthracene
Chrysene
Sum of benzo (b, j, and k) fluoranthenes
Benzo (a) pyrene
Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene
Dibenzo (a,h) anthracene
Benzo (g,h,i) perylene